Anti-emetics in haemato-oncology patients with chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV)

The management of patients with nausea and vomiting will be directed by the Consultant/Associate Specialist or a senior member of the medical team.

The Medical/Nursing team will be responsible for administration and monitoring.

Fluid balance charts and drug charts. 

It should be remembered that patients receiving chemotherapy may have nausea or vomiting due to a cause other than the direct effect of the chemotherapy (CINV). These include:

• Radiotherapy (NB: TBI, gut or cranio-spinal are most likely to provoke emesis)
• Partial or complete bowel obstruction
• Vestibular dysfunction
• Brain metastases
• Electrolyte imbalance: hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia
• Uraemia
• Concomitant drug treatments including opiates
• Gastroparesis
• tumour or chemotherapy (vincristine etc) induced
• Gastric Haemorrhage (coffee ground vomitus : may be steroid induced)
• Psychophysiologic:
• anxiety
• anticipatory nausea and vomiting
• Raised ICP

5.2.1 Patients receiving chemotherapy with a high level of emetic risk should receive combination anti-emetic therapy with a 5HT₃ blocker (ondansetron) and cortico steroid (dexamethasone). Intravenous anti-emetics should be given at least 30 minutes prior to starting chemotherapy or by the oral route at least 1 hour prior to starting treatment. These anti-emetics must be prescribed regularly on the patients prescription chart. Most patients moderately emetogenic chemotherapy will require dual therapy. Children receiving chemotherapy with low emetic risk should receive only Ondansetron. If the chemotherapy agents have minimal emetic risk then no routine prophylaxis is required.

5.2.2 Dexamethasone should not be given to patients who receive steroids as part of their treatment protocol. Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) receive dexamethasone as part of induction and intensification therapy. Chemotherapy for ALL is not generally highly emetogenic and additional dexamethasone for emesis should not be prescribed.

Patients with brain tumours should not be started on dexamethasone as an anti emetic as it may prevent chemotherapy penetrating the blood brain barrier.

Patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy should not receive steroids during that part of their treatment eg Neuroblastoma - when receiving ch14.18 antibody and Osteosarcoma - when receiving mifamurtide. 

5.2.3 Dexamethasone should also be avoided in patients receiving conditioning treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy prior to stem cell transplantation, because steroid therapy will increase the risk of fungal infection in a population already at risk.

5.2.4 All children who face prolonged, profound neutropenia are at risk of invasive fungal infections and dexamethasone should be avoided in these patients. This particularly relates to children with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) who are receiving, or have received, chemotherapy regimens containing fludarabine and/or/-gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg). After ensuring that ondansetron has been optimally prescribed, failure of non-steroid containing anti-emesis in these patients should be discussed with the consultant.

5.2.5 If standard anti-emetic therapy fails in any patient, exclude all other causes of nausea/vomiting and ensure that the anti-emetic drugs have been prescribed at optimal route, dosing and frequency. Check patient compliance/tolerance and consider if drug absorption might play a role in lack of response. If second line agents are considered necessary metoclopramide is generally the drugs of choice.

MHRA Update 2013

Metoclopramide is contra-indicated in children < 1 year. In children aged 1-18, Metoclopramide should only be used as a second-line option for prevention of delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Metoclopramide should only be prescribed for short-term use (<5 days).

5.2.6 Consider using lorazepam prior to a treatment block if either anticipatory nausea is a problem or anxiety forms a large component of the nauseating trigger (particular issue in adolescents). This may need to commence before starting the journey to hospital.

5.2.7 Levomepromazine (Nozinan) is a receptor non-specific agent that is often helpful in refractory cases although sedation can be problem. Beware of increased risk of extra-pyramidal side-effects and increased sedative effects when combining metoclopramide with cyclizine. Nabilone and haloperidol may also be useful in these circumstances.

5.2.8 There is growing evidence that newer generation 5HT₃ blockers eg Granisetron and Palonosetron and neurokinin receptor antagonists eg aprepitant may be of benefit in CINV. However these drugs should be discussed with a consultant and pharmacy prior to prescription. Granisetron has been used successfully in a small number of patients in whom optimised ondansetron treatment has failed. Apreptitant is added to chemotherapy regimens with a very high emetogenic potential at the agreement of the Consultant. 

5.2.9 Remember, anti-emetics have their own side effect profile (e.g. 5HT₃ blockers are constipating and can cause headache).

NB: All episodes of refractory nausea and vomiting should be discussed with a consultant.

5.3.1 Acute Dystonic reactions may occur with Phenothiazines and Metoclopromide, especially if these drugs are used at high dose or in combination.

5.3.2 Treatment of dystonic reactions – Procyclidine 10mg in 2ml Injection (stocked on RHC 2A and 2B):

Dose:

Single IV bolus dose is usually effective within 5 – 10 minutes (up to 30 minutes). Can be repeated after 20 minutes.

When patients are discharged home following completion of a course of chemotherapy they should NOT be dispensed corticosteroid as an anti-emetic. Those requiring anti-emetics at home should be dispensed a maximum of TWO days of other regular anti-emetic in the first instance and then reviewed.

Pharmacy dispenses the patient's original packs of anti-emetic drugs so it is essential that parents/carers/patients are counselled appropriately to take anti-emetics regularly for the first two days only following chemotherapy and then only if required. 

Table 1: Adapted from POGO (Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario) Classification of Acute Emetogenic Potential of Antineoplastic Medication in Pediatric Cancer Patients Given as Single Agents.

Summary of Recommendations:

• The single neoplastic agents provided in Table 1 have high, moderate, low or minimal emetogenic risk in children
• With the exceptions noted in Table 2, the emetogenicity of multiple agent anti-neoplastic therapy given to children is classified based on the emetogenic potential of the most highly emetogenic agent in the combination to be given.
• The emetogenicity of multiple day anti-neoplastic therapy is classified in children based on the emetogenetic potential of the most highly emetogenic agent on each day of therapy.
  
  

Table 2: Adapted from POGO (Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario) Classification of Acute Emetogenic Potential of Antineoplastic Medication in Pediatric Cancer Patients Given as Single Agents.

Prepared by: Karon McDOWALL
Checked by: Nicola CURRAN

Date: 14/08/17

Referenced from BNF, BNF for Children, Rainbow Guidelines, COG and POGO guidelines, & general information from other paediatric centres in the UK.